詞以境界為最上。有境界則自成高格,自有名句。五代北宋之詞所以獨絕者在此。
王老先生在将自己的手稿付梓時,這條排在第一位,足可見他對“境界”的重視。
何為境界?“境界”意思接近于“意境”,但不全是。《人間詞話》中用“意境”一詞的地方僅有一條(“古今詞人格調之高者無如白石,惜不于意境上用力,故覺無言外之味,弦外之響,終不能與于第一流之作者也”),而用“境界”和“境”的地方卻比比皆是。
“境”可以說就是意境,“界”則是指一種精神上的高度。“境界”合起來,當是指具有深度和高度的意境。這樣理解,對于通篇《人間詞話》都是适合的。
上面說的白石“格調高”,但“不于意境上用力”,這裡的“意境”很明顯不能被“境界”一詞所代替,替換之後全句就說不通了。依照老王的意思,白石詞有高度而少意境,于“境界”這個要求中有所欠缺。這樣理解,應當是合理的。對于開篇更偏重于精神高度的“人生三境界論”,此說亦可通。除了“三境界論”,後文絕大多數篇幅中的“境界”都偏指“意境”,尤其是意蘊深含、情緻流轉的意境。
意境說是老王首先提出來的。直到現在,古典詩詞的品讀,基本上都離不開意境之說。老王可以說是隐約間觸到了古典詩詞之魂。與之相比,“格調說”顯得空洞,“神韻說”顯得虛渺,隻有“意境”是可以被實實在在認知和感受到的。
老王說“五代北宋之詞”獨絕于意境,是說五代北宋之詞意境優美而深遠,因此而勝于後代。此言不虛。純以技巧論之,後世或有發展,但以“境界”而論,後世詞人尤其南宋之後的詞人是難以企及的。試問北宋後又有誰唱出“大江東去”的豪情,又有誰能寫出“自在飛花輕似夢,無邊絲雨細如愁”的深婉,又有誰能吟出似“對潇潇暮雨灑江天,一番洗清秋”這等壯美無俦的勝景呢?
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